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Rocks and Minerals

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Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a Rock. There are three major types of rocks Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks thus formed are called igneous or primary rocks . Igneous rock is two types, Extrusive igneous rocks (Basalt). Intrusive igneous rocks (Granite). Rocks roll down and break into small fragments and these smaller particles are called sediments. These sediments are transported, compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These types of rocks are called sedimentary rock (Contain Fossil). Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure. – Example: Clay changes into slate and limestone into marble. The process of transformation of the rock from one to another is called the rock cycle.
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Positive & Negative Aspects of Socio-Cultural Reform Movement

  Positive Aspects Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear psychosis. Worship made a more personal affair Cultural roots to the middle classes—thus mitigating the sense of humiliation; much needed self-respect gained Fostered secular outlook Encouraged social climate for modernisation Ended India’s cultural, intellectual isolation from rest of the world Evolution of national consciousness Negative Aspects Narrow social base Indirectly encouraged mysticism Overemphasis on religious, philosophical aspects of culture while underemphasising secular and moral aspects Hindus confined their praise to ancient Indian history and Muslims to medieval history—created a notion of two separate peoples and increased communal consciousness Historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent
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The Peninsular Rivers

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Main water divide formed by Western Ghats. Run north to south close to the western coast. Most of the major Peninsular rivers except Narmada and Tapi flow from west to east, also they flow through Rift valley. Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa, the Ken, the Son, originating in the northern part of the Peninsula belong to the Ganga river system. Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal, absence of meanders and non-perennial flow of water. Narmada and the Tapi are the only long rivers, which flow west and make esturies. Evolution Subsidence of the western flank of the Peninsula leading to its submergence below the sea during the early tertiary period. Generally, it has disturbed the symmetrical plan of the river on either side of the original watershed. Upheaval of the Himalayas when the northern flank of the Peninsular block was subjected to subsidence and the consequent trough faulting. The Narmada and The Tapi flow in trough faults...
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