Badmani Kingdom

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  Introduction

  • Delhi Sultanate was preparing to extend southwards.
  • India were divided into four kingdoms: The Yadavas of Devagiri (Western Deccan or present Maharashtra), the Hoysalas of Dvarasamudra (Karnataka), the Kakatiyas of Warangal (eastern part of present Telengana) and the Pandyas of Madurai (southern Tamil Nadu).
  • Expeditions of the General Malik Kafur, first in 1304 and then in 1310.  Defeat one after another
  • Tughluq dynasty continued its southern. Madurai became an independent Sultanate in 1333.
  • Zafar Khan declared independence in 1345 at Devagiri, capital to Gulbarga took the title, Bahman Shah it is known as Bahmani dynasty (1347–1527).
  • 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was inaugurated by the Sangama brothers Harihara and Bukka at Vijayanagara (Now Hampi).
  • Two states fought continually and bitterly to control rich Raichur doab also ports of Goa, Honavar, etc.
Source
  • Persian accounts, relating to Bahmani-Vijayanagar conflicts.
  • The Kannada and Telugu literature, like Manucharitram, Saluvabhyudayam, etc., patronized in the Vijayanagar court give social & political information.
  • Rayavachakamu - details about the Nayak system under Krishnadevaraya.
  • Ibn Battutah a Moroccan traveller (1333-45), Abdur Razzak from Persia (1443–45), Nikitin, a Russian (1470–74), the Portuguese visitors Domingo Paes and Nuniz (1520–35).
  • Vijayanagara kings issued a large number of gold coins called Varaha (also called Pon in Tamil and Honnu in Kannada). Hindu deities and animals like the bull, the elephant and the fabulous gandaberunda.
Bahmani Kingdom
Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358)
  • Kingdom between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Content in east with rulers of Warangal and Orissa.
  • He divided the kingdom into four territorial (Gulbarga, Daulatabad, Bidar & Berar) divisions called tarafs, each under a governor.
  • Annual tribute from the state of Warangal, the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry and Kondavidu, led to frequent wars.
  • Title Second Alexander on his coins.
Mohammed I (1358–1375)
  • Two bitter wars with Vijayanagar gained him nothing.
  • Attack on Warangal in 1363 brought him a large indemnity, include important fortress of Golkonda and the treasured turquoise throne (bejewelled royal seats of Persian kings described in Firdausi’s Shah Nama).
  • Appointed a council of eight ministers of state.
    1. Vakil-us-saltana or lieutenant of the kingdom, the immediate subordinate of the sovereign.
    2. Waziri-kull, who supervised the work of all other ministers;
    3. Amir-i-jumla, minister of finance;
    4. Wasir-i-ashraf, minister of foreign affairs and master of ceremonies;
    5. Nazir, assistant minister for finance;
    6. Peshwa who was associated with the lieutenant of the kingdom;
    7. Kotwal or chief of police and city magistrate in the capital, and
    8. Sadr-i-jahan or chief justice and minister of religious affairs and endowments.
  • Strong measures for the suppression of highway robbery.
  • Two mosques at Gulbarga.
  • 1425 Warangal was subdued and their progress further eastwards was challenged by the Orissan rulers.
  • Capital was shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1429.
  • Mohammad III (1463–1482) is worthy of mention because of his lieutenant Mohammed Gawan, a great statesman.
Mohammed Gawan
  • Persian by birth. Well-versed in Islamic theology, Persian, and Mathematics.
  • Mohammed Gawan Madrasa in Bidar, containing 3000 manuscripts.
  • Prime minister under Mohammad III, contribute dynamic development of the Bahmani Kingdom. Many administrative Reforms.
  • Successful wars against Konkan, Orissa and Vijayanagarhis (war against the Vijayanagar Kings in Belgaum, he used gunpowder).
  • Four provinces of the Bahmani Sultanate into eight.
  • Some district directly under central administration.
  • Curtailed the powers of the provincial chiefs.
  • Two groups of Nobles, Deccani Muslims and Pardesi (foreigner) Muslims, further intensified and conflicts broke out.
  • Sultan, who himself was not happy with Gawan’s dominance, ordered his execution.
  • Foreign nobles, considered the strongest pillars of the state began to leave for their provinces, leading to the disintegration of the Sultanate.
  • Sultanate gradually broke up into four independent kingdoms: Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Golkonda.
  • Bidar fifth one Bahmani sultan ruled.
  • Later Bijapur annex Bidar & Berar. Later Ahmadnagar & Golkonda joined to Bijapur for fight with common enemy Vijayanagara.
  • Vijayanagar was utterly routed in the battle of Talikota or Rakshashi-Tangadi in 1565.
  • Sultanates were vanquished one after another and taken over by the Mughal state.
Golkonda Fort
  • Raja Krishna Dev of Kakatiya dynasty. 1495–1496 handed over to Sultan Kali Kutub Khan as a Jagir (land grant).
  • Later, possession of the Bahmani dynasty.
  • Still later Qutub Shahi dynasty took fort & make its Capital.
  • 17th century, Golkonda famous as a diamond market, include ‘Kohinoor’.
  • Fort is popular for its acoustic architecture.
  • Aurangzeb laid siege to this Golkonda fort in 1687

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