Demography

 Statistical study of human Population

• Population
• World (2022) – 1.0%
• India (2022) -  1.0%
• Population growth rate
• World (2022) – 7.9 billion
• India (2021) – 1.39 billion

Population - Age	India	World
0 – 14	25.8%	25.3%
15 – 64	67.4%	65.1%
65+	6.8%	9.6%

• Population Growth – Increase number of people in population
• Population distribution – way the people are spaced over the earth surface. (Spread is uneven).

• 10 Most popular countries – 60% of population.

Population Density

• = Population/Area
• Ecumene
• High density Region. Ex: South Africa.
• Moderate Density Region. Ex: Savana of Brazil.
• Non-Ecumene (<10% Population)
• Sporadic. Ex: Ooty (Less Population)

Factors responsible for population density

• Geographic
• Water
• Landform
• Climate
• Soil
• Economic
• Industrialisation
• Urbanisation
• Minerals
• Socio-Political Culture
• Stability
• Culture
• Society

Theocracy – Ruled by Holy Book (Ex: Quran).

Demographic Dividend in India

• Birth Rate
• The number of live births per 1,000 populations in a given year.
• Crude birth rate – BR in Mid-Year population.
• World
• India
• Death Rate
• The number of deaths per 1,000 populations in a given year. (DR =7.3 in India).
• Crude death rate – DR in Mid-Year Population.
• World
• India

Crude – Because it does take into account of age or sex difference among the population.

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• It is the average number of children expected to be born per woman during her entire span of reproductive period.
• World – 2.4 (2019)
• India – 2.2 (2019); 2.5 for rural areas and 1.8 for urban areas.
• Replacement Rate
• Average number of child born per women at which a population exactly replace itself from one generation to the next without migration.
• World -
• India – 2.1
• Infant mortality rate (IMR)
• Which is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.
• World – 27.974 - (2019)
• India - 28.3 (Very High) – (2020)
• Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
• The number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age, usually expressed per 1,00,000 live births
• World – 153 (2020)
• India – 113 (2018)
• Sex ratio (943)
• Number of females/1000 males Calculated in India, No of Male/ 100 Female calculated in World.
• World – 101 male/100 female
• India – India 1020 female/1000 Male
• Women: Biological Advantage, but Social Disadvantage.
• Better sex ratio is not always means women empowerment, but men migration.
• Child Sex ratio (918)
• Number of female child/1000 male child (0-6 Years)
• World -
• India - 918/1000 boys (2011) & 927/1000 boys (2000).
• Labour Force
• Number of people is employed & Unemployed looking for job.
• Labour force participation rate
• World – Male - 56.611 (2020) & Female - 45 (2020)
• India – Male – 49.80 (2018) & Female – 20.7 (2019)
• Women in workforce (Women wage = 75% of Men wage)
• Non-Agriculture – 17%
• Urban – 13.9%
• Rural – 29.9%
• Population Density (343 Persons/KM2)
• Number of persons in 1 km. square.
• Life Expectancy
• Average age of a person except to live in a particular area.
• World – 72.6 years (2019).
• India – 70.42 Years (Female – 71.28 & Male – 69.16 years).
• Natural growth of population
• Population change by difference between birth & death in a particular region between two point of time.
• Birth - Death
• Actual growth of population
• Birth – Death + In migration – Out Migration.
• Rural Population of India
• 65.07% (2022).
• In 2011 – 1210.2 Million (833.1mn in Rural & 377.1 mn in urban).
• Doubling Time
• Time taken to double the size of a constant growth rate.
• Doubling Time = 70/ Annual Growth Rate
• For India, AGR is 1%. So, DT is 70 Years (2021)

Meta son Preferance

• If son born first, many of them don’t want to give birth to net child.
• The second child may be women. These ace called “Missing Girl”

Invisible Workers

• Care Economy – Caring work not be paid & Female in agriculture (Feminisation of Agriculture)
• Ex: House wife, prisonor, Child labour, Bonded labour, transgender (Sex labour).

Caring Capacity of an area

• It means that the resources available to support the growing population.

Ecological food Print > Ecological caring capacity

↓

Ecological Overshoot

↓

Disaster

Spatial Pattern of Population Change

• Economic Depth inversely proportional to population growth.
• P_GR – Low in Developed Countries & High in Developing Country.
• Decline in PGR ≠ Decline in Population

• Poverty Breech Population
• Education is the best contrapective
• Inertia – A body in Rest of constant motion unless applied of an external force

Population Inertia

• People never moved out in a particular place even after some disaster.
• Ex: Pest attack in an area, but some people not vacate the area, because it is their homeland.

Industrial Inertia

• Industrial development in a particular area, so people migrated to the place.
• Later, the industry closed permanently, but people lived in a same area.
• Ex: KGF is a gold Mining place, people migrated to KGF for work, but now KGF closed permanently, but people live in same place because of Resource available (School, College, Other Work etc…).