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The Association will facilitate and promote economic co-operation, bringing together inter-alia representatives of Member States' governments, businesses and academia. It is based on the principles of Open Regionalism for strengthening Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region. The Association will apply the following fundamental principles without qualification or exception to all Member States: - Co-operation within the framework of the Association will be based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in internal affairs, peaceful co-existence and mutual benefit; The membership of the Association will be open to all sovereign States of the Indian Ocean Rim which subscribe to the principles and objectives of the Charter and are willing to undertake commitments under the Charter; Decisions on all matters and issues and at a...

After the end of Cold War, China sought to establish security cooperation with Central Asian states to prevent Uighurs of Central Asia & Xinjiang province in China to create unrest together. Hence, a group called ‘Shanghai–5’ (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia & Tajikistan) was established in 1996 to undertake confidence building measures & demilitarize borders. In 2001 , Uzbekistan joined the grouping & it was renamed as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). India and Pakistan became members in 2017 SCO is a Eurasian political, economic, and military Organisation . Along with BRICS, SCO is seen as an attempt by China & Russia to challenge the Western dominated global order and counterbalance the activities of United States and NATO in Central Asia. Currently, SCO has 8 Member States - China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan; (Turkmenistan is not a member) 4 Observer States Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia 6 Di...

Not an Organisation, it is an annual summit of Leaders) BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS Leaders’ Summit is convened annually. Structure BRICS does not exist in form of organization, but it is an annual summit between the supreme leaders of five nations. The Chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. BRICS cooperation in the past decade has expanded to include an annual programme of over 100 sectoral meetings. Together, BRICS accounts for about 40% of the world’s population and about 30% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), making it a critical economic engine. It’s an emerging investment market and global power bloc. Genesis The acronym "BRICS" was initially formulated in 2001 by economist Jim O'Neill, of Goldman Sachs , in a report on growth prospects for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and ...

Coordination with 14 areas) Shift towards BIMSTEC The increase in trade could not be achieved through SAARC, as the organization has fallen victim to the bilateral dispute between India and Pakistan. Herein lies the opportunity that BIMSTEC provides. India can focus on connectivity projects in and around the Bay of Bengal region which will help unleash the potential of the seven northeastern states in India. The Sittwe port in Myanmar is closer to the northeast region than Kolkata. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. India has already invested in the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project and the BIMSTEC Motor Vehicle Agreement. Better connectivity projects will help India leverage the untapped potential of BIMSTEC’s possible trade linkages. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, cu...

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first raised in November 1980. After consultations, the foreign secretaries of the seven founding countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka - met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981. Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at the 13th annual summit in 2005. The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are at Kathmandu, Nepal . There are currently nine Observers to SAARC, namely: (i) Australia; (ii) China; (iii) the European Union; (iv) Iran; (v) Japan; (vi) the Republic of Korea; (vii) Mauritius; (viii) Myanmar; and (ix) the United States of America. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the global economy . Creating synergies: It is the world’s most densely populated...

With 189 member countries, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The Bank Group works with country governments, the private sector, civil society organizations, regional development banks, think tanks, and other International institutions on issues ranging from climate change, conflict, and food security to education, agriculture, finance, and trade. A Group of Institutions Together, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA) form the World Bank, which provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments of developing countries. While the World Bank Group consists of five development institutions. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) provides loans, credits, and grants to Developing countries. (World Bank). (Developing Country) Inter...

Technical Support & Capacity Building, Funding & Insurance for researchers Vision and mission of the International Solar Alliance is to provide a dedicated platform for cooperation among solar resource rich countries where the global community, including bilateral and multilateral organizations, corporates, industry, and other stakeholders, can make a positive contribution to assist and help achieve the common goals of increasing the use of solar energy in meeting energy needs of prospective ISA member countries in a safe, convenient, affordable, equitable and sustainable manner. There is no specific body in place to address the specific solar technology deployment needs of the solar resource rich countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Most of these countries are geographically located for optimal absorption of the sun’s rays. There is a great amount of sunlight year-round which can lead to cost effective solar power and other end uses with ...

India’s growing strategic partnerships with the P5, growing economic strength, including the nuclear deals with US, Russia, rapprochement with China paints a favourable picture for Indian Explicit public declarations supporting India’s candidature as a permanent member in the Council are reiterated by countries like France, UK India has also formed the G4 with Brazil, Germany, and Japan , its “coalition of the willing” , and a “collaborative strategy” to negotiate reforms of the Council. The four nations support each other's bids for permanent seats on an expanded Security Council. Uniting for Consensus (UfC) is a movement, nicknamed the Coffee Club , that developed in the 1990s in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. Under the leadership of Italy, South Korea, Argentina and Pakistan, it aims to counter the bids for permanent seats proposed by G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) and is calling for a consensus bef...

  International Criminal Court (International treaty based Organisation, coordinate/Affiliated to UN) The International Criminal Court an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression . It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore exercise its jurisdiction only when certain conditions are met, such as when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations Security Council or individual states refer situations to the Court. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force. The Rome Statute is a multilateral treaty that serves as the ICC's foundational and governing document. States which become party to the Rome Statute become member states of the ICC. As of Nov...

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 . It is currently made up of 193 Member States. (To Provide Peace & Security). Its mission and work guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter and implemented by its various organs and specialised agencies. Its activities include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development and upholding international law. History In 1899, the International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902. This court was the forerunner of UN International Court of Justice. The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived ...