Human Development

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  • The concept of human development was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq (Pakistan) and Amartya Sen (India).
Human development Index
Morbility & Mortality
  • Dr. Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
  • People are central to all development under this concept.
  • The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
  • A meaningful life is not just a long one. It must be a life with some purpose.
  • This means that people must be healthy, be able to develop their talents, participate in society and be free to achieve their goals.
Four Pillars of HD
  • Equity
    • Making equal access to opportunity available to everybody irrespective of their gender, race, income, caste, sex etc.
    • Ex: SEBC drop out more.
  • Sustainability
    • Continuity in the availability of opportunities across generation
      • Intergenerational Equity
      • Intragenerational Equity
  • Productivity
    • It refers to the quality, state or fact of being able to generate, create, bring forth foods & services. Effectiveness of Productive efforts.
    • Ex: people get job by reservation but lake of productivity.
  • Empowerment.
    • To have the power to make choice. It is those freedom, capacity
    • Ex: Panjayat Pathi: Women as Proxy – Women is councilor but his husband has full control.
{Empowerment: The degree of autonomy and self-determination in people & in community. This enables them to represent their interests in responsible and self-determination way, acting on their own authoruth}.
  • The HDI is the composite measure of every country’s attainment in three basic dimensions:
  • Standard of living measured by the gross national income (GNI) per capita.
  • Health measured by the life expectancy at birth.
  • Education levels calculated by mean years of education among the adult population and the expected years of schooling for children.
  • Approaches of HD
Criticism of HDI
  • Regional difference within country not factored.
  • Reflect only long term changes not short term changes.
  • Higher national wealth not indicate welfare
  • Not Speak about Inequality, Poverty, Social Problem, Happiness & Environmental Problem are not factored
  • Economic welfare also depends in threat of war, pollution, clean, water etc.
Miscellaneous
Functional Literacy
  • Being literate is not a functional literacy, use of literacy is Functional Literacy.
  • Ex: Functional toilet: Constriction a toilet is not functional toilet, providing water, sanitation, Continuous use is called as functional toilet.
Growth Vs Development
GrowthDevelopment
  • Quantitative Change
  • Value Neutral (+ve & -ve)
  • Growth of Population in city
  • Qualitative Change
  • Positive Growth
  • Standard of living improves

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