League of Nations

-
  • International organisation for preventing future wars.
  • Treaty of Versailles also provide covenant to maintain peace and security in the world.
  • Founder of this organization was President Woodrow Wilson of USA.
  • Fourteen Points underline the creation of a general association of nations, during Paris negotiations to bring about the birth of the League of Nations, established in 1920.
  • Head quarters was shifted from Paris to Geneva in Switzerland.
  • League failed to prevent the Second World War.
Aims of the League
  • Preventing wars through peaceful settlement of disputes among member nations.
  • Preserve and protect the independence of member-nations by promoting international understanding and co-operation.
Organs of the League
All those powers who worked for the defeat of Germany and her allies became the members of the League.
  1. The Assembly
    • Every member state was given the right of one vote in the Assembly.
  2. The Council
    • four permanent members and four other members elected by the Assembly.
    • 1926, Germany was also given a permanent seat in the council.
  3. The Secretariat
    • Located at Geneva.
    • appointed by the Council but the approval of Assembly was essential
    • Secretariat, appointed by the Secretary General in consultation with the Council.
    • Member states had to pay towards the expenses.
  4. The Permanent Court of International Justice
    • 15 judges elected for nine years & Head quarters at The Hague.
    • Interpretation of international law, treaties and other mutual obligations.
  5. The International Labour Organisation
    • Headquarters at Geneva.
    • Representatives of the government, employers and workers
Mandate system
  • Set up by the League, territories captured from the Central Powers and Turkey were not restored to them.
  • Administration under the supervision of the League of Nations
Achievements of the League of Nations
  • Aaland Islands
    • Islands lie between Sweden and Finland dispute in 1920.
    • Special Commission of the League investigated the case and settled the dispute in favour of Finland.
  • Mosul Boundary Dispute
    • Dispute between Turkey and the Great Britain’s mandated territory of Iraq.
    • June 1926, small part of the Villayet was given to Turkey.
  • Eupen and Malmady
    • 1920 and 1921 Germany protested to the League of Nations against the decision of giving Euphen and Malmady to Belgium.
    • League decision of transfer is final.
  • Curfu Incident
    • August 1923, Italian general and two officers were murdered on Greek soil.
    • Italians demanded apologies, Greece refused to accept so Italy occupied the island of Curfu.
    • Britain and France mediated and brought about a compromise between Italy and Greece.
  • Dispute between Greece and Bulgaria
    • Border dispute between Greece and Bulgaria, In 1925 Greek army commander was murdered.
    • Greek forces were withdrawn and Greece was asked to pay compensation to Bulgaria for violation of her territory on a scale to be fixed by a League Commission.
  • Dispute between Great Britain and France
    • 1921, nationality question in Tunis and Morocco, Matter to Court of International Justice.
    • Mutual negotiations between the foreign minister.
Non-political Work
  • A slavery convention met at Geneva in 1925, set up permanent Slavery Commission.
  • Financial Commission - supervision of various League Loans for Austria, Hungary, Greece etc.
  • 1923, Health Organisation with a Health Committee and a secretariat.
  • Technical conferences.
  • Common Wealth work - Control of traffic in dangerous drugs, peasant reforms, suppression of trade in obscene literature.
Causes for the Failure of League of Nations
  • USA and USSR were not members of the League of Nations.
  • Japan, Germany and Italy had left the League.
  • Fully dominated by the victorious countries of World War I especially of France and England.
  • Rise of dictatorships in Italy, Japan and Germany.
  • League was not also in a position to condemn the action of Japan, Japan give up membership.
  • Italy there was Fascist Dictatorship, people of Italy narrow nationalism.
  • Germany too was not prepared to accept the commitments under the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Nazi dictatorship, Hitler want to expand Germany’s sway over Austria and Poland. Conquests over countries, questioned in the League, Germany left the League.
  • Small nations lost their faith on the working of the League.
  • League of Nations had no power to control the aggressive activities of the big powers.
  • France’s insistence of forcing Germany to pay the war reparation, contributed to the downfall of the Weimar Republic, rise of Hitler in Germany.
  • Member states of the League did not cooperate.
  • UNO was established on the disintegration of the League.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Indian Painting - Pre History

-
Image
    History and Evolution of Painting in India - An Overview India has a long tradition of artistic excellence and painting is one of the major mediums that has been used to express it. There is several evidence suggesting that painting flourished in India since ancient times. Archaeologists have found wall paintings in parts of India, which suggest that even the early historic man in India was engaged in activities of art and leisure The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval period where the books were illustrated with paintings Then came the miniature style that dominated the Mughal and Rajput courts. With the coming of the Europeans, the art of painting and engraving took a western turn. Modern painters experimented with styles, colours and designs. Many Indian painters have gained worldwide recognition and are winning prizes and accolades for their vision. Principles of Painting The history of paintings can be known from primitive rock paintings of Bhim
Read more

Classification of Indian Paintings

-
Image
    Classification of Indian Paintings Indian Paintings have been broadly classified into two. Mural Paintings Miniature Paintings Mural Paintings The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals. These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of such paintings can be found at several locations in India. The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailash Temple in Ellora. Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut chambers. The paintings follow a theme, the most common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. Mural paintings were also made to adorn any mundane premise. For e.g. Ancient theatre room in Jogimara Caves. Ajanta Cave Paintings One of the oldest surviving murals of Indian sub-continent, Ajanta caves were carved between 2nd century BC to 5th c
Read more

Solar system

-
Image
Galaxy Gravitational bound system of star, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Ex: Milky way. A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars. Our solar system is a part of the milky way galaxy. Our Milky way galaxy was named “Akash ganga”. There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe. Distance galaxy: GN-z11 (March 2016) Hubble classification Eliptical (E) Spiral (S): Andromeda & Sombrero (unbarred) Lenticular Celestial bodies: Sun, Moon. Two types: Emit light (Star), Don’t Emit Light (Planets) North Star – Pole Star – Indicates north Direction Constellations (Group of star) – 88 Official Ursa Major – Big Dipper Tail – Alioth – Brightest in Ursa Major Saptarishi Mandal Polaris – Brightest in Ursa Minor The Sun Made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. 30 times greater than Earth. Black hole – It absorb light but does not emit due to high gravitational force. Corona – Outer surface of the sun (About 6000 k) S
Read more