Mineral-based Industries

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  • Minerals and metals as raw materials.
Iron and Steel Industry
  • Basic industry since all the other industries - heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
  • 2nd among the world crude steel producers. Largest producer of sponge iron.
  • Consumption of Steel: 70.9 kg per annum against the world average of 224.5 kg.
  • Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.
  • 8 tonnes of Coal + 4 tonnes of Iron Ore + 1 tonne of Limestone = 1 tonne of Steel
  • Steel is backbone of modern industry.
  • Chhotanagpur plateau region - Max concentration of iron and steel industries.
  • Producing Center - Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro over four states Western West Bengal, Jharkhand, Northern Odisha and Chhattisgarh – Rich in high grade iron ore, good quality coking coal and other supplementing raw materials.
  • Other Centers - Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu.
  • Public sector undertakings market - Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
  • 1950s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China is the largest producer of steel. China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel.
  • Not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
    • High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
    • Lower productivity of labour.
    • Irregular supply of energy and
    • Poor infrastructure.
  • India also import good quality steel from other countries.
  • Jamshedpur in India
    • Before 1947, only Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO).
    • Only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
    • Close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata.
  • Pittsburgh in USA
    • Important steel city of the United States of America. Locational Advantage.
    • Shipping ore cheaply by Great Lakes waterway. Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and water routes.
Integrated Steel Plant
TISCO
  • Close to Mumbai-Kolkata railway, near Kolkata Port (240 km).
  • Rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai provide water to the plant.
  • Iron ore - Noamundi and Badam Pahar.
  • Coal - Joda mines in Odisha.
  • Coking coal - Jharia and west Bokaro coalfields.
IISCO
  • 1st Factory at Hirapur, later on Kulti.
  • Steel corporation of Bengal was constituted in association with IISCO and set up another iron and steel producing unit at Burnpur (West Bengal).
  • Three plant under IISCO, close to Damodar valley coal fields (Raniganj, Jharia, and Ramgarh).
  • Iron ore from Singhbhum in Jharkhand. Water – Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar.
  • Located along Kolkata-Asansol railway.
  • 1972-73, Plants were taken over by the government.
Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works Ltd. (VISL)
  • Initially called the Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
  • Iron ore producing area of Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills.
  • Limestone and manganese are also locally available.
  • No Coal available, charcoal obtained by wood, later electric furnaces by hydroelectricity from the Jog Falls hydel power project
  • Water from Bhadravati river.
  • After independence, three new integrated steel plants were set up with foreign collaboration: Rourkela in Odisha, Bhilai in Chhattisgarh and Durgapur in West Bengal.
  • Public sector plants under Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL)
  • In 1973, Create Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) to manage these plants.
Rourkela Steel Plant
  • Sundargarh district of Odisha in collaboration with Germany.
  • Coal from Jharia (Jharkhand)
  • Iron ore from Sundargarh and Kendujhar.
  • The Hirakud project supplies power for electric furnaces
  • Water from the Koel and Sankh rivers.
Bhilai Steel Plant
  • Russian collaboration in Durg district of Chhattisgarh.
  • Iron ore comes from Dalli-Rajhara mine
  • Coal from Korba and Kargali coal fields.
  • Water comes from the Tanduladam.
  • Power from the Korba Themal Power Station.
Durgapur Steel Plant
  • Collaboration with the government of the United Kingdom. Lies in Raniganj and Jharia coal belt, & Lies on Kolkata-Delhi railway route.
  • Iron ore from Noamundi.
  • Hydel power & Water - Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).
Bokaro Steel Plant
  • Russian collaboration
  • Transportation cost minimisation by creating Bokaro-Rourkela combine.
  • Receives iron ore from the Rourkela region and the wagons on return take coal to Rourkela.
  • Water and hydel power - Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).
Other Steel Plants
  • Vizag Steel Plant, in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, First port-based plant.
  • Vijaynagar Steel Plant at Hosapete in Karnataka.
  • The Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu.
  • More than 206 units located in different parts of the country.
  • Use scrap iron as their main raw material, and process it in electric furnaces.


Petrochemical Industries
  • Many items are derived from crude petroleum.
  • Group of industries is divided into four sub-groups
    1. Polymers,
    2. Synthetic fibres,
    3. Elastomers,
    4. Surfactant intermediate
  • Mumbai is the hub of the petrochemical industries.
  • Cracker units are also located in Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Jamnagar, Gandhinagar and Hajira (Gujarat), Nagothane, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Haldia (West Bengal) and Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh).
  • Under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.
    1. Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL) distribution of polymers, chemicals, fibres and fibre intermediates.
    2. Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL), joint venture of the Government of India and Weaver’s Cooperative Societies - polyester filament yarn and nylon chips. Located at Vadodara and Naldhari in Gujarat
    3. Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) - training in petro-chemical industry.
  • Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene. It raw materials in the plastic industry.
  • Polymers, polyethylene is a widely used thermoplastic.
  • National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL) - Private sector, first naphtha based chemical industry in Mumbai.
  • Later several plants Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri and Rishra are the major producers of plastic materials.
  • 75% of these units are in small scale sector. Recycled plastics (30% of the total production).
  • Synthetic fibres used for manufacturing of fabrics.
  • Industries manufacturing nylon and polyester yarns are located at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna.
  • Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara.
Aluminium Smelting
  • Second most important metallurgical industry in India.
  • Light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable & becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
  • Plants in India - Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
  • Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
  • 4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite → 2 tonnes of alumina → 1 tonne of aluminium.
Chemical Industries
  • Fast growing and diversifying, large and small scale manufacturing units.
  • Both inorganic and organic sectors.
  • Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
  • Organic chemicals include petrochemicals manufacture of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
  • Organic chemical plant located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Fertilizer Industry
  • Nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
  • After green revolution industries expand to Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
  • Significant producer – Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
Cement Industry
  • Raw Material: limestone, silica and gypsum.
  • Plants in Gujarat, access to the market in the Gulf countries.
  • First cement plant at Chennai in 1904.
  • available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
Automobile Industry
  • Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles.
  • Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

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