Southern India - Socio-Culture Reform Movement

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Dev Samaj
  • 1887 at Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri (1850-1927), earlier a Brahmo follower.
  • religious and social reform society,against child marriage & supremacy of the guru.
  • book, Deva Shastra
Dharma Sabha
  • Radhakant Deb in 1830.
  • Preservation of the status quo in socio-religious matters.
  • Abolition of sati & promotion of Western education, even for girls.
Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
  • orthodox educated Hindus, against the teachings of the Arya Samajists, the Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission.
  • Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895), Dharma Maha Parishad in South India, and Dharma Mahamandali in Bengal, headquarters at Varanasi.
  • Proper management of Hindu religious, open Hindu educational institutions. Ex: Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.
Radhaswami Movement
  • Tulsi Ram, also known Shiv Dayal Saheb in 1861.
  • supremacy of the guru, simple social life.
  • Consider all religions to be true.
  • No belief in temples, shrines and sacred places, it considers as necessary duties, works of faith and charity, service and prayer.
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement
  • Registered under India Companies Act. Fight for social justice through movements.
  • Regional movement born out of conflict between the depressed classes and upper castes, Ezhavas of Kerala.
  • Considered to be untouchables, denied education and entry into temples.
  • idol was not the monopoly of the higher castes, led to the removal of many discriminations in Kerala’s society.
  • Movement (Aruvippuram movement) drew the famous poet Kumaran Asan as a disciple of Narayana Guru.
  • all religions to be the same, condemned animal sacrifice, speaking against divisiveness on the basis of caste, race or creed, Stop drinking Liquor.
  • Devoid of dividing walls of caste or race, or hatred of rival faith, we all live here in brotherhood
  • Took issue of
    1. right of admission to public schools,
    2. recruitment to government services,
    3. access to roads and entry to temples, and
    4. political representation
Vokkaliga Sangha
  • In 1905, the Vokkaligara Sangha initiated an Anti-Brahmin Movement in Mysore. The largest community in the erstwhile princely state of Mysore was constituted by the Vokkaligas. The name Vokkaliga has been derived from Vokku which implies to thresh the grains out of crops. In India, caste is a system of social division that also serves as a mechanism of identity. Religious prejudices and dogmas entangled Indian society in the nineteenth century, creating a web. All religions, including Hinduism, had devolved into a mash-up of magic, animism, and superstitions
Justice Movement
  • C.N.Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyagaraja to secure jobs and representation for the non-brahmins.
  • 1917, separate representation in legislature for the lower castes.
Self-Respect Movement
  • E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s.
  • Rejection of the brahminical religion and culture.
  • It was an egalitarian movement that advocated for the abolition of Brahminical hegemony, equal rights for backward classes and women in society, and the revitalization of Dravidian languages such as Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.
  • Prime instrument of exploitation of the lower castes, formalising weddings without brahmin priests.
Temple Entry Movement
  • T.K. Madhavan, a prominent social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani.
  • The Temple Entry Movement was a Gandhian or nationalist approach to fighting caste oppression.
  • Vaikom, in the northern part of Travancore, centre of agitation for temple entry.
  • 1924, the Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P. Kesava.
  • Again in 1931 when the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, temple entry movement was organised in Kerala.
  • November 12, 1936, Maharaja of Travancore open all government-controlled temples to all Hindus.
  • Similar step C. Rajagopalachari in Madras in 1938.
Indian Social Conference
  • M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao, Social Conference met annually from first session in Madras in 1887.
  • Social reform cell of the Indian National Congress.
  • Advocated inter-caste marriages, opposed polygamy and kulinism.
  • Pledge Movemen against child marriage

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