Agro-based Industries

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  • Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.
Textile Industry
  • Employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
  • Self-reliant and complete in the value chain. i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.
Cotton Industry
  • Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute.
  • Man-made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.
  • Tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and humid climate. Large quantity of cotton was grown in India.
  • Important Producer – India, China, Japan & USA.
  • The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design.
  • Creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
  • Spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
  • World class production in spinning. But weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
  • India spinning mills are competitive at the global level.
  • Competition from synthetic cloth
  • Our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric.
  • Decentralised Sector - cloth produced in handlooms (including Khadi) and powerlooms. Locate the industry at or close to markets.
  • Cotton textile industry divided into two - Organized and the Unorganized sector.
  • Swadeshi movement gave a major impetus to the industry as there was a call for boycotting all British made goods in favour of Indian goods.
  • Development of hydro-electricity also favoured the location of the cotton textile mills away from the cotton producing areas.
  • Rapid development of this industry in Tamil Nadu is the result of the abundant availability of hydel power for the mills.
  • Presently, major centres Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore and Ujjain
  • Leading cotton producing states - Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
  • Important cotton textile producers - West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Punjab.
  • Tamil Nadu has the largest number of mills and most of them produce yarn rather than cloth. Coimbatore (Half of the Mill located) Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Thanjavur, Ramanathapuram and Salem are the other important centres.
  • Telengana region Cotton producing, spinning mills producing yarn. Hyderabad, Secunderabad & Warangal in Telangana and Guntur in Andhra Pradesh
  • Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur (largest), Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Agra and Lucknow.
  • West Bengal in Hugli region, Howrah, Serampur, Kolkata and Shyamnagar.
  • Exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.
  • First textile Mill establish in Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818. Later it closed.
  • First successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Raw cotton used to be brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England.
  • Two more mills, Shahpur Mill and the Calico Mill were established in Ahmedabad.
  • After partition, good quality cotton growing areas had gone to West Pakistan and India was left with 409 mills and only 29 per cent of the cotton producing area.
  • Initially this industry flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
  • Now, Coimbatore, Madurai, Bengaluru, Nagpure, Indore, Solapur, Vadodara, Kanpur (Based on Local Investment), Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat.
  • Ahmedabad
    • Banks of the Sabarmati river, first mill was established in 1859. second largest textile city after Mumbai.
    • Manchester of India.
    • Several textile mills have closed down. primarily due to the emergence of new textile centres. Non-upgradation of machines and technology.
  • Osaka
    • Centre of Japan, Manchester of Japan.
    • Completely depends on imported raw materials from Egypt, India, China and USA.
    • Later replaced by other industries, Iron & Steel, Machinery, Shipping, Automobiles, Electrical equipment & Cement.
Jute Textile
  • Largest producer of raw jute.
  • Jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
  • Mills are located in West Bengal along bank of Hugli river, in a narrow belt.
  • First jute mill near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
  • After Partition, jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
  • Challenges
    • Competition in the international market, competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
    • Internal demand Increase.
    • Main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Ghana, Saudi Arabia, U.K. and Australia
Sugar Industry
  • 8 % of the total sugar production in the world. Second Largest.
  • First place in the production of gur and khandsari.
  • 4 lakh persons directly and a large number of farmers indirectly.
  • Seasonal industry because seasonality of raw materials.
  • Mills - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
  • 60 % in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar only.
  • Recent years, Mills shift to southern and western states, especially Maharashtra.
Location of Sugar Industries
  • Weight-losing crop, 9 to 12% depending on its variety.
  • Crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting.
  • Maharashtra – leading sugar producer. more than one-third of the total production
  • Uttar Pradesh - second largest producer of sugar.
  • Two belts
    • Ganga -Yamuna doab - Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Baghpat and Bulandshahr districts
    • Tarai region - Kheri Lakhimpur, Basti, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Bahraich districts.
  • Tamil Nadu - Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvanamalai, Villupuram and Tiruchchirappall.
  • Karataka - Belagavi, Ballari, Mandya, Shivamogga, Vijayapura and Chitradurg districts.
  • East Godavari, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh and Nizamabad and Medak districts of Telangana.
  • In Bihar - Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarnagar, Siwan, Darbhanga, and Gaya.
  • Haryana - Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak, Hissar and Faridabad districts
  • Gujarat - tracts of Surat, Junagarh, Rajkot, Amreli, Valsad & Bhavnagar districts.
  • Other States – Punjab and Gujarat. (significance of Punjab has declined).
Challenges
  • Seasonal nature.
  • Old and inefficient methods of production.
  • Transport delay.
  • Maximize the use of baggase.

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