Stone Age (Chalcolithic Age & Iron Age)

-

 Chalcolithic Age/ Pre Harappan

PRE HARAPPAN / CHALCOLITHIC AGE (4000 BC – 1500 BC)

Evolution

  • Settled & community life.
  • Based on Farming
  • Technically separate but Harappan civilization evolved out of the Chalcolithic Culture.

Crafts & Pots

  • Copper and stone tools were used simultaneously.
  • Craft too started to develop coppersmiths, and weavers were present.
  • Used Black and Red Ware pottery. Black on red ware  Painted pottery, decorated with different shapes.

Tools/Idols

  • Knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels, pins, and rods were made of copper and its alloys.
  • Beads of semi-precious stones and Terracotta image of Mother Goddess is reported.
  • Deads were buried in urns; at times with tools and objects.

Sites

  • Spread all over the Indian Sub-continent.
  • IMP SITES: Navdatoli, Jorwe, Daimabad, Ahar Banas, Malwa, Inamgaon, Mehgam, Kausambi, Alamgirpur, Ropar etc.

Limitations

  • Could not fully utilized the-domesticated animals.
  • Unaware of -Iron, horse and script.
  • Marks the beginning of use metal in place of stone yet burnt brick was generally absent.
  • High Child Mortality is indicated by large number of child burial.

Culture

  • Ochre Coloured Pottery Ware Culture (OCP Culture) – 2600 – 1200 BCE
    • Northern India.
    • Also called Copper hoard culture.
  • Chalcolithic Cultures of South India - Black on red ware pottery is found.
Megalithic/ Iron Age
  • Iron Age in North India coincides with the painted Grey Ware culture – Ganga-Yamuna valley.
  • Iron age in south India associate with Megalithic burial mounds.
  • Black and Red Ware Culture in the eastern Ganga valley and Central India found early political formation (Kuru-Panchala Kingdom).
  • Northern Black Polished Ware culture (NBPW) - Mahajanapada and Mauryan periods.
  • Burials
    • Megalith Burial.
    • Urn Burial.
    • Black-ware is peculiar to burial sites in Tamilnadu

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Indian Painting - Pre History

-
Image
    History and Evolution of Painting in India - An Overview India has a long tradition of artistic excellence and painting is one of the major mediums that has been used to express it. There is several evidence suggesting that painting flourished in India since ancient times. Archaeologists have found wall paintings in parts of India, which suggest that even the early historic man in India was engaged in activities of art and leisure The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval period where the books were illustrated with paintings Then came the miniature style that dominated the Mughal and Rajput courts. With the coming of the Europeans, the art of painting and engraving took a western turn. Modern painters experimented with styles, colours and designs. Many Indian painters have gained worldwide recognition and are winning prizes and accolades for their vision. Principles of Painting The history of paintings can be known from primitive rock paintings of Bhim
Read more

Classification of Indian Paintings

-
Image
    Classification of Indian Paintings Indian Paintings have been broadly classified into two. Mural Paintings Miniature Paintings Mural Paintings The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals. These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of such paintings can be found at several locations in India. The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailash Temple in Ellora. Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut chambers. The paintings follow a theme, the most common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. Mural paintings were also made to adorn any mundane premise. For e.g. Ancient theatre room in Jogimara Caves. Ajanta Cave Paintings One of the oldest surviving murals of Indian sub-continent, Ajanta caves were carved between 2nd century BC to 5th c
Read more

Solar system

-
Image
Galaxy Gravitational bound system of star, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Ex: Milky way. A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars. Our solar system is a part of the milky way galaxy. Our Milky way galaxy was named “Akash ganga”. There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe. Distance galaxy: GN-z11 (March 2016) Hubble classification Eliptical (E) Spiral (S): Andromeda & Sombrero (unbarred) Lenticular Celestial bodies: Sun, Moon. Two types: Emit light (Star), Don’t Emit Light (Planets) North Star – Pole Star – Indicates north Direction Constellations (Group of star) – 88 Official Ursa Major – Big Dipper Tail – Alioth – Brightest in Ursa Major Saptarishi Mandal Polaris – Brightest in Ursa Minor The Sun Made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. 30 times greater than Earth. Black hole – It absorb light but does not emit due to high gravitational force. Corona – Outer surface of the sun (About 6000 k) S
Read more