Stone Age (Chalcolithic Age & Iron Age)

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 Chalcolithic Age/ Pre Harappan

PRE HARAPPAN / CHALCOLITHIC AGE (4000 BC – 1500 BC)

Evolution

  • Settled & community life.
  • Based on Farming
  • Technically separate but Harappan civilization evolved out of the Chalcolithic Culture.

Crafts & Pots

  • Copper and stone tools were used simultaneously.
  • Craft too started to develop coppersmiths, and weavers were present.
  • Used Black and Red Ware pottery. Black on red ware  Painted pottery, decorated with different shapes.

Tools/Idols

  • Knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels, pins, and rods were made of copper and its alloys.
  • Beads of semi-precious stones and Terracotta image of Mother Goddess is reported.
  • Deads were buried in urns; at times with tools and objects.

Sites

  • Spread all over the Indian Sub-continent.
  • IMP SITES: Navdatoli, Jorwe, Daimabad, Ahar Banas, Malwa, Inamgaon, Mehgam, Kausambi, Alamgirpur, Ropar etc.

Limitations

  • Could not fully utilized the-domesticated animals.
  • Unaware of -Iron, horse and script.
  • Marks the beginning of use metal in place of stone yet burnt brick was generally absent.
  • High Child Mortality is indicated by large number of child burial.

Culture

  • Ochre Coloured Pottery Ware Culture (OCP Culture) – 2600 – 1200 BCE
    • Northern India.
    • Also called Copper hoard culture.
  • Chalcolithic Cultures of South India - Black on red ware pottery is found.
Megalithic/ Iron Age
  • Iron Age in North India coincides with the painted Grey Ware culture – Ganga-Yamuna valley.
  • Iron age in south India associate with Megalithic burial mounds.
  • Black and Red Ware Culture in the eastern Ganga valley and Central India found early political formation (Kuru-Panchala Kingdom).
  • Northern Black Polished Ware culture (NBPW) - Mahajanapada and Mauryan periods.
  • Burials
    • Megalith Burial.
    • Urn Burial.
    • Black-ware is peculiar to burial sites in Tamilnadu

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