Distribution of Rainfall & Climatic Regions of India

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 Distribution of Rainfall

  • Average annual rainfall 125 cm
  • Areas of High Rainfall (Exceed 200 cm): Western Ghats (400 cm annually), as well as in the sub-Himalayan areas is the northeast and the hills of Meghalaya. Khasi and Jaintia hills – 1000 cm, Brahmaputra valley – less than 200 cm.
  • Areas of Medium Rainfall (100 – 200 cm): southern parts of Gujarat, east Tamil Nadu, northeastern Peninsula covering Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Ganga plain along the sub-Himalayas and the Cachar Valley and Manipur.
  • Areas of Low Rainfall (50 – 100 cm): Western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, eastern Rajasthan, Gujarat and Deccan Plateau.
  • Areas of Inadequate Rainfall (Below 50 cm): Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra, Ladakh and most of western Rajasthan
  • Low in the interior of the Deccan plateau, and east of the Sahyadris.
  • Snowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region.
Variability of Rainfall
C.V = Standard Deviation x 100
Mean
  • Coefficient of variation less than 25% exists on the western coasts, Western Ghats, northeastern Peninsula, eastern plains of the Ganga, north eastern India, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and south-western part of Jammu and Kashmir - Rainfall over 100 cm.
  • Over 50% exists in the western part of Rajasthan, northern part of Jammu and Kashmir and interior parts of the Deccan plateau - Rainfall less than 50 cm.
  • variability of 25-50% and these areas - Rainfall between 50 -100 cm
Climatic Regions of India
Major climatic types of India based on Koeppen’s scheme.
  • Tropical climates – over 18° C.
  • Dry climates - precipitation is very low. dryness is less, it is semi-arid(S); if it is more, the climate is arid(W).
  • Warm temperate climates - 18°C and minus 3°C.
  • Cool temperate climates - warmest month (10°C) & coldest month is under minus 3°C.
  • Ice Climate – under 10°C.
Sub-types: f (sufficient precipitation), m (rain forest despite a dry monsoon season), w (dry season in winter), h (dry and hot), c (less than four months with mean temperature over 10°C), and g (Gangetic plain).
Type of Climate
Areas
Amw  Monsoon with short dry season
West  coast of India south of Goa
As  – Monsoon with dry summer
Coromandel  coast of Tamil Nadu
Aw  – Tripical savannah
Most  of the Peninsular plateaus, south of the Tropic of Cancer
Bwhw  – Semi-arid steppe climate
North-western  Gujarat, some parts of western Rajasthan and Punjab
Bwhw  – Hot desert
Extreme  western Rajasthan
Cwg  – Monsoon with dry winter
Ganga  plain, eastern Rajasthan, northern Madhya Pradesh,
most  of North-east India
Dfc  – Cold humid winter with short summer
Arunachal  Pradesh
E  – Polar type
Jammu  and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Monsoons and the Economic Life in India
  1. Revolves the entire agricultural cycle of India because 64 per cent people of India depend on agriculture.
  2. Except Himalayas all the parts of the country have temperature above the threashold level to grow the crops or plants throughout the year.
  3. Regional variations – Growing various types of crop.
  4. Variability brings droughts or floods.
  5. Agriculture Depend timely and adequately distributed rainfall. If fails adversely affect irrigation.
  6. Sudden monsoon burst – Soil Erosion.
  7. Winter rainfall by temperate cyclones highly beneficial for rabi crops.
  8. Regional climatic variation in India is reflected in the vast variety of food, clothes and house types.
Global Warming
  • Greenhouse effect.
  • Green House Gas - methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide which are present in much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide.
  • 2,100, global temperature will increase by about 2°C as a result of melting of glaciers and sea-ice due to warming
  • 48 cm by the end of twenty first century incidence of annual flooding, promote insect borne diseases.

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