Latitudes and longitudes

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  • Globe is a true model of the earth.
  • A needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner - axis.
  • Globe divides it into equal parts - equator.
  • Equator represents the zero-degree latitude.
  • Parallels lines of latitude – from equator to poles.
The four important parallels of latitude are
  • Tropic of cancer (23½°N) - Northern Hemisphere.
  • Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) – Southern Hemisphere.
  • Arctic of circle (66½°N) – North of Equator.
  • Antarctic circle (66½°S) – South of Equator.
Heat zones of the earth
  • Torrid zone (Maximum heat) - between the tropic of cancer & the tropic of Capricorn.
  • Temperate zones (Moderate Temperature) - Arctic circle and the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere, the Antarctic circle and the tropic of Capricorn in the southern.
  • Frigid zones (Very cold), receive the sunlight of very low intensity - north to the Arctic circle and that south to the Antarctic circle.
  • Tropic of Capricorn - contain sub polar points at the december(or southern) Solstice, sun can easily directly head
  • 90 °  below the the horizon at solar mod latitude on june solstice
  • Currently, 23°26'11.4, Moving - 15 meters per year
  • 10 countries, 3 continent & 3 Water bodies
Day Light Saving Time
  • Setting clock forwarded one hour from standard time during summar
  • In Southern Hemisphere (Australia, New Zealand, most of South America) - Starts in September-November & end in March-April
  • In North Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia) -  Start in March-April & End in September-November
Latitude
  • Line from east to west or west to east.
  • Measure north to south.
  • Point latitude (North & South Pole).
  • Largest latitude (Equator) decrease towards pole.
  • Away from the equator, the size of the parallels of latitude decrease.
Longitudes
  • The line of reference running from the north pole to the south pole - meridians of longitude.
  • Measures west to east.
  • All meridians are of straight line except 180° is zig zag line.
  • The meridian which passes through Greenwich, where the British royal observatory is located – Prime meridian.
Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its effects.
  • Earth rotate on tilted axis. Angle of 23.5°
  • During the earth revolution around the sun, polar region spend long period pointed towards the sun in summers, long period point away from the sun during winter.
  • Variation in the length of daytime & night time from season to season are due to the revolution of the earth on a tilted axis.
  • Local and Standard Time and the 
  • International Date Line, Calendar.
  • Largely based on 180° Meridian (not fully), Passes through pacific ocean
  • Difference between time in places is almost one day.
Time
  • As the earth rotates from west to east, those places east of Greenwich will be ahead of Greenwich time and those to the west will be behind it.
  • The earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours.
  • At any place, a watch can be adjusted to read at 12 o’clock when the sun is at the highest point in the sky.
International Date line
  • Separate two consecutive calender days
  • Has bends to include all oh Kiribati, Soman, Tonga & Tokelau in the Eastern Hemisphere
  • GMT is now abbreviated as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
  • Move east to west loss time, move west to east gain Time.
Standard time
  • The local time various places are different, so it is necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time.
  • 82½°E is treated as the standard meridian of India. The local time at this meridian is known as the Indian standard time (IST).
  • India located east of Greenwich at 82° 30’E, is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT. [Allahabad (82° 30’)]
  • Some countries have a great longitudinal extent and so they have adopted more than one standard time
  • Russia – eleven standard times.
  • Earth has 24-time zone (1 hrs each – 15° of longitude, 4 min - 1° of longitude)
Motion of the Earth
Rotation (Day & Night)
  • Bringing gaseous rotation not uniform & differential rate of rotation.
Revolution (Seasonal)
  • 18.5 miles per second or 66,000 m.p.h.
  • Sun along with the solar system it is revolving around the milky way galaxy approximately centering the milky way galaxy.
  • Various lengths of Day & Night.
  • Solstice – Direct sun rays in tropic of cancer.
  • Summer Solstice – Longest day and shortest night.
  • Winter Solstice – Shortest day and longest night.
  • Equinox – Equal days and Night (Sun rays directly fall on Equator)
Solar Eclipses
  • Moon passes between Sun & Earth, shadow of moon cast on earth.
  • Types of Eclipses (Distance between sun,moon & Earth define types)
  • Partial Solar eclips - sun,moon & Earth not exactly lined up.
  • Total solar Eclips - sun,moon & Earth must be in direct line
  • Annular Solar Eclips - partially type of solar eclipse. Sun, Moon & Earth not only in straight line but also in same plane.
  • Shadow never be more than 166 miles wide.
  • Moon shadow is narrow when it reaches earth

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