Ground water – karst topography (Extensively covered with dolomites & limestone).

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  • Ground water are Erosion of landmasses and evolution of landforms.
  • Downward and horizontal movement of water which causes the rocks to erode.
  • Rocks like limestones or dolomites rich in calcium carbonate, the surface water as well as groundwater through the chemical process of solution and precipitation deposition develop varieties of landforms.
  • Two processes of solution and precipitation are active in limestones or dolomites occurring either exclusively or interbedded with other rocks.
  • Action of Groundwater through the process of Solution and deposition is called Karst topography.
Erosional Landforms
Pools, Sinkholes, Lapies and Limestone Pavements
  • Small to medium sized round to sub-rounded shallow depressions called swallow holes form on the surface of limestones.
  • Sinkhole – Funnel-shaped. Common in limestone/karst areas. (Area: few sq.m to ha, Depth less than half meter to 30 m).
  • Bottom of a sinkhole forms the roof of a void or cave underground; it might collapse leaving a large hole opening into a cave or a void below (Doline - collapse sinks)
  • Sink holes and dolines join together because of slumping of materials along their margins or due to roof collapse of caves, long, narrow to wide trenches called valley sinks or Uvalas form.
  • Ridges or lapis (Turn into smooth lomestone pavements) form due to dif ferential solution activity along parallel to sub-parallel joints.
Caves
  • Limestone dissolves and long and narrow to wide gaps called cavesresult.
  • Caves having openings at both the ends are called tunnels.
Depositional Landforms
Stalactites, Stalagmites and Pillars
  • Stalactites - broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends.
  • Stalagmites - rise up from the floor of the caves. shape of a column, a disc.
  • The stalagmite and stalactites eventually fuse to give rise to columns and pillars of different diameters.

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