Railways & Pipeline

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 Railways

  • Principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.
  • Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years.
  • First introduced in 1853, Bombay to Thane 34 km. Now, 66,030 km as on 31 March 2015.
  • Distribution pattern influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
  • Indian Railway is now reorganized into 16 zones.
1
Central
Mumbai CST
2
Eastern
Kolkata
3
East Central
Hajipur
4
East Coast
Bhubaneswar
5
Northern
New Delhi
6
North Central
Allahabad
7
North Eastern
Gorakhpur
8
North East  Frontier
Maligaon  (Guwahati)
9
North Western
Jaipur
10
Southern
Chennai
11
South Central
Secunderabad
12
South Eastern
Kolkata
13
South East  Central
Bilaspur
14
South Western
Hubli
15
Western
Mumbai (Church  Gate)
16
West Central
Jabalpur
  • Broad gauge - 60510 km in March 2016.
  • Metre gauge - 3880 km in March 2016.
  • Narrow gauge - 2297 km in March 2016.
  • Extensive programme to convert the metre and narrow gauges to broad gauge.
  • Metro rail has revolutionlised. Replacement of diesel buses by CNG-run vehicles to controlling the air pollution in urban centres.
  • Diamond Quadrilateral
    • The Diamond Quadrilateral is a project of the Indian Railways to establish a high-speed rail network in India. The Diamond Quadrilateral will connect the four mega cities of India, viz. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, similar to the Golden Quadrilateral highway system.
Challenges
  • Railway network is relatively less dense in the hill states, north eastern states, central parts of India and Rajasthan.
  • Difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.
  • Many passengers travel without tickets.
  • Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely.
  • People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.
Konkan Railway in 1998
  • 760-km long rail route connecting Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka.
  • Crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels. Asia’s largest tunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route.
  • States of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking.
  • The most significant development has been the development of Konkan Railway along the western coast providing a direct link between Mumbai and Mangaluru
Pipelines
  • Transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
  • Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
  • Oil India Limited (OIL) under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas engaged in exploration, production and transportation of crude oil and natural gas
  • Rules out trans-shipment losses or delays
  • Three important networks
    • Oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. Branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
    • Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. Branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places. (1256 km)
    • Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. Branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.
    • Processing - constructing of 660 km long pipeline from Numaligarh to Siliguri.

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