Conventional Source of Energy

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  • Common use for a long time.
Firewood
  • Fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. minerals are limited.
Coal
  • Most abundantly available fossil fuel.
  • Thermal Power used as domestic fuel to generate electricity.
  • India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements
  • Variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.
  • Lignite - Low grade brown coal, soft with high moisture content. Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Neyveli in Tamil Nadu generate electricity, been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal (80% of total coal deposit, non – cooking grade).
  • Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal. Anthracite - highest quality hard coal.
  • Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, in Damodar valley (West Bengal- Jharkhand Coal belt)
  • Important field - Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro Jharkhand. Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys.
  • Tertiary coals - Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
  • Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj. Godavari, Mahanadi - river valleys associated.
  • Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh (part of Singrauli coal field lies in Uttar Pradesh), Korba in Chhattisgarh, Talcher and Rampur in Odisha, Chanda–Wardha, Kamptee and Bander in Maharashtra and Singareni in Telangana and Pandur in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Leading - China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa and France.
Petroleum
  • Black Gold. Found between layers of Rock, Oil field in off-shore and coastal area. Anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
  • Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
  • Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in 1956.
  • Leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.
  • Gujarat are Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Lunej. Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin.
  • Ankeleshwar field of Gujarat, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan is the most important field.
  • Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran
  • Two types of refineries in India:
    1. field-based and
    2. market-based.
  • Digboi is an example of field-based and Barauni is an example of market-based refinery.
  • Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria
Natural Gas
  • Found with or without petroleum deposits, released when crude oil is brought to the surface. Domestic and industrial fuel.
  • Low carbon di oxide emission.
  • Gas Authority of India Limited in 1984.
  • In India Jaisalmer, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Krishna Godavari delta, Gulf of Cambay, Tripura, off shore in Mumbai High.
  • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels.
  • 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur - Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline link Mumbai High and Bassien.
  • Eastern coast as well as (Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh), Tripura, Rajasthan and off-shore wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra
  • World - Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands.
Electricity
Hydel Power
  • The falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam.
  • Water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for irrigation. Renewable resources.
  • One fourth of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power.
  • India - Bhakra Nangal, Kopili Hydel Project, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects.
  • World - Paraguay, Norway, Brazil, and China.
Thermal Power
  • Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas.
  • Non-renewable fossil fuel used. 

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