Post Gupta - Chalukyas dynastry

-
  • Two families of Chalukyas: Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) & Chalukyas of Kalyani.
  • Chalukyas of Badami emerged strong power founded by Pulikesin I (535 – 566 CE). Declare independence from kadmabas.
  • Capital Badami by Kirtivarman (566 - 597 CE)
  • Chalukyas was centred around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.
Pulikesin II (609 – 642 CE)
  • Famous Chalukya ruler Pulakeshin II (know about him from a prashasti, composed by his court poet Ravikirti).
  • Defeat of Harshavardhana’s, king of malwa, kalinga & eastern deccan accept his suzerainity.
  • Capital Aihole (Important trade center).
  • Led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
  • He attacks Mahendravarma Pallava king behind the wall of Kanchipuram create long Conflict between Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another’s lands from 6th to 9th Century
  • Narasimha Varman I (630 – 668 CE), pallava king attack and occupied Badami. Pulikesin died.
  • In 8th century Badami overpowered and replaced by the Rashtrakutas.
Administration
State
  • Rule according to dharma-sastra and niti-sastra.
  • Pulikesin I (543-566) was well-versed in manu-sastra, puranas, and itihasas.
  • Performer of agnistoma, vajapeya and asvamedha sacrifices.
  • Represented the varaha avatar of Vishnu in which he is said to have rescued the Goddess of the Earth.
  • The bull, Siva’s mount, was the symbol of the Pallavas.
Royal Women
  • Appoint as Provincial Governors & also issued coins.
  • Vijya Bhattariga, a Chalukya princess, issued inscriptions.
  • Pallavas not active part in administration of kingdom, but build shrines.
King and his Ministers
  • Official called maha-sandhi-vigrahika.
  • Pradhana (head minister),
  • Mahasandhi-vigrahika (minister of foreign affairs),
  • Amatya (revenue minister), and
  • Samaharta (minister of exchequer).
  • Political Division -  Vishayam, Rastram, Nadu and Grama.
  • Vishayapatis exercised the power at the behest of the kings.
  • Samantas were feudal lords functioning under the control of the state.
  • Grampohis and gramkudaswere village officials.
  • Mahatras were the prominent village men.
Provincial and District Administration
  • Appointed son as Provincial governor (Some held title maha-samanta & Maintain troops).
  • Chief of vishayawas vishayapati.
  • Vishayawas divided into Pukti, headed by pogapati.
Village Administration.
  • Nalakavundas - Revenue officials.
  • kamundaor pokigan - Central figure in village administration (Appointed by king).
  • karana or gramani - Village accountant.
  • mahajanam(Group of people) -  Law and order.
  • mahapurush - A special officer to maintaining order and peace.
  • Nagarapatisor Purapatis- Officials of the towns.
Religion
  • Mainly Saivism and Vaishnavism.
  • Kirtivarman (566-597), Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-642) performed yagnas
  • Prominent Place - Kartikeyan, the war god.
  • Patronised heterodox sects & donate land to Jain center.
  • Ravikirti, the poet-laureate of Pulikesin II, was a jain scholar.
  • Kirtivarman II (744 – 755 CE) – Built Jain temple.
  • The prince Krishna (756-775) appointed Gunapatra, a Jain monk, as his master.
  • Pujyapatar the author of Jainentriya-viyakarnam was a Jain monk in period of Vijayadityan (755 – 772 CE)
Literature and Education
  • Sanskrit in Pillar inscription. Kannada as local prakrit.
  • Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in Sanskrit.
Architecture
  • Introduce building temples using soft sandstones as medium.
  • Two Vishnu temple, one siva temple & one to jaina tirthankaras.
Painting
  • Vakataka style in painting.
  • Mostly dedicated to Vishnu (incarnations of Vishnu).
  • Most popular Chalukya painting is in the palace built by the King Mangalesan (597-609 CE).
Cities
  • Aihole (Ayyavole)
    • Important commercial centre.
    • Earliest stone-built temple is Lad Khan Temple.
    • Temple dedicated to the goddess Durga was built on the model of Buddha Chaitya.
  • Huccimalligudi, which is rectangular in Shape another temple for Durga. Also build jain temple.
  • The mandapa-type caves are preserved at Aihole.
  • Badami (Vatapi)
  • Largest cave temple built by Mangalesa is dedicated to Vishnu.
  • Reclining posture of Vishnu on the snake bed and Narasimha are exquisite examples of Chalukya art.
  • Pattadakal
  • Famous for its exquisite temples. Temples are classified into two groups: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian.
  • Virupaksha temple - built at the order of queen Lohamahadevi to commemorate the conquest of Kanchipuram by her husband Vikramaditya II.
  • Architect was given the title Tribhuavacharya (Maker of the three world).
  • South-eastern corner of village is the Papanatha temple. Similar to the Virupaksha temple in its basic plan, it has a shikara in the northern style.
  • The eastern wall has a short Kannada inscription, giving the name of the architect Revadi Ovajja, who designed the shrine.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Indian Painting - Pre History

-
Image
    History and Evolution of Painting in India - An Overview India has a long tradition of artistic excellence and painting is one of the major mediums that has been used to express it. There is several evidence suggesting that painting flourished in India since ancient times. Archaeologists have found wall paintings in parts of India, which suggest that even the early historic man in India was engaged in activities of art and leisure The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval period where the books were illustrated with paintings Then came the miniature style that dominated the Mughal and Rajput courts. With the coming of the Europeans, the art of painting and engraving took a western turn. Modern painters experimented with styles, colours and designs. Many Indian painters have gained worldwide recognition and are winning prizes and accolades for their vision. Principles of Painting The history of paintings can be known from primitive rock paintings of Bhim
Read more

Classification of Indian Paintings

-
Image
    Classification of Indian Paintings Indian Paintings have been broadly classified into two. Mural Paintings Miniature Paintings Mural Paintings The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals. These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of such paintings can be found at several locations in India. The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailash Temple in Ellora. Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut chambers. The paintings follow a theme, the most common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. Mural paintings were also made to adorn any mundane premise. For e.g. Ancient theatre room in Jogimara Caves. Ajanta Cave Paintings One of the oldest surviving murals of Indian sub-continent, Ajanta caves were carved between 2nd century BC to 5th c
Read more

Solar system

-
Image
Galaxy Gravitational bound system of star, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Ex: Milky way. A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars. Our solar system is a part of the milky way galaxy. Our Milky way galaxy was named “Akash ganga”. There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe. Distance galaxy: GN-z11 (March 2016) Hubble classification Eliptical (E) Spiral (S): Andromeda & Sombrero (unbarred) Lenticular Celestial bodies: Sun, Moon. Two types: Emit light (Star), Don’t Emit Light (Planets) North Star – Pole Star – Indicates north Direction Constellations (Group of star) – 88 Official Ursa Major – Big Dipper Tail – Alioth – Brightest in Ursa Major Saptarishi Mandal Polaris – Brightest in Ursa Minor The Sun Made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. 30 times greater than Earth. Black hole – It absorb light but does not emit due to high gravitational force. Corona – Outer surface of the sun (About 6000 k) S
Read more