India & its Geological Division

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 History

  • Larger in size and the Australian plate. Over millions of years, Australian plate moved towards the southeastern direction and the Indian plate to the north.
Location
  • Latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and Longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E.
  • West to East – 2933 km & North to South – 3214 km.
  • Tropic of Cancer (23° 30'N) divides the country into almost two equal parts.
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep islands in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively.
  • Southern part – Tropics & Northern Part - Sub-tropical zone or the warm temperate zone.
  • East to west, Time difference Nearly 2 hours.
    • Statute mile = 63,360 inches
    • Nautical mile = 72,960 inches
    • 1 Statute mile = about 1.6 km (1.584 km)
    • 1 Nautical mile = about 1.8 km (1.852 km)
Size
  • 3.28 million square km.
  • 2.4 per cent of the total geographical & seventh largest country.
  • Land boundary of about 15,200 km & Coastline (Include Andaman & Nicobar Island)- 7,516.6 km. Except Island – 5422.6 km.
  • lofty mountains in the north. large rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri; Green forested hills in northeast and south India.
  • Hindukush and Sulaiman ranges in the north west, Purvachal hills in the north-east.
  • Indian subcontinent - Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and India.
  • In Himalayas, Except for a few mountain passes such as the Khyber, the Bolan, the Shipkila, the Nathula, the Bomdila, etc. it was difficult to cross it.
  • Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur (in Uttar Pradesh).
India’s Neighbours.
  • Northwest - Pakistan and Afghanistan.
  • North - China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan.
  • East - Myanmar and Bangladesh.
  • Two island countries - Sri Lanka and Maldives.
    • Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
Geological Division
Penisular Block.
  • Kachchh along the western flank of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta.
  • Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast and Rajasthan in the west.
  • northeastern parts are separated by the Malda fault in West Bengal from the Chotanagpur plateau.
  • Subjected to various vertical movements and block faulting. Ex: Rift valleys of the Narmada, the Tapi and the Mahanadi and the Satpura block mountains.
  • consists of relict and residual mountains mountains like the Aravali hills, the Nallamala hills, the Javadi hills, the Veliconda hills, the Palkonda range and the Mahendragiri hills.
  • River valleys here are shallow with low gradients. East flowing River, delta formation Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Kaveri and the Godavari.
Himalayas and other Peninuslar Mountains.
  • Peninsular mountains are young, weak and flexible in their geological structure unlike the rigid and stable Peninsular Block.
  • Interplay of exogenic and endogenic forces → development of faults, folds and thrust plains.
  • Fast-flowing rivers & gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls, etc. are indicative of this stage.
Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.
  • Formed by the river Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
  • Geo-synclinal depression Max development in third phase of Himalayas.


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