UPSC Community Blog

NGOs are considered as independent of the state, and voluntary in nature. They depend on individual donations, foreign funding, and aid from different government agencies and private donors . Their work helps rid India of prejudices, corruption, illiteracy, and poverty. Foreign NGO's and Foreign Funding: Foreign NPOs seeking to establish branch or liaison offices in India are required to obtain approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA). The RBI is the sole registration body relevant for foreign NPOS seeking to operate in India. The liaison office generally only functions as a channel of communication between the organization's home office abroad and parties in India, and is not allowed to undertake any business activity or earn any income in India.  Foreign Funding Any association can receive foreign contribution subject to the following conditions: It must have a definite cultural, economic, educational,

First Sector – Market (Tools & Mechanism: Fiscal policy, Monetary policy) Second Sector – Government Machinery & Tools (Fundamental Rights, DPSP, Preamble, Separation of Power, Constitutional, Non-Constitutional & Extra Constitutional Body). Third Sector – Civil Society Civil society refers to a wide variety of communities and groups such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), labor unions, indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations that function outside of government to provide support and advocacy for certain people or issues in society (Ex: Like Media, & NGO’s Ex: Public Union Civil Society {Collect date on Criminalization}, Association for democratic Reform {Human Rights Watch}). It was termed “third sector”, “social sector” or “volunteer land” In general, “Civil society is generally defined, as the space, which is on realm of family, market, and state”. Dipankar Gupta defines civil socie

Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. Rajasthan - non-ferrous minerals. Alluvial plains of north India - Economic minerals. The North-Eastern Plateau Region Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. Minerals: iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica. Major iron and steel industry. The South-Western Plateau Region Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. Rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. High grade iron ore, manganese and limestone. lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite. Kerala deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay, Goa has iron ore deposits. The North-Western Region Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat. Rajasthan is rich in building stones. Gujarat - Petroleum deposits. Copper, Zinc, Dolomite and limest

“homogenous, naturally occurring substance without any human interference, which has definable internal structure (Chemical Composition) . Not easily accessible in Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica. Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances called minerals Identified on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility. Types of Minerals Metallic: Raw form, conduct heat and electricity. characteristic lustre or shine. Ferrous: Iron ore, Manganese and Chromites contain iron. Non-ferrous: does not contain iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Ex: Limestone, mica and gypsum. Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels (Energy Mineral). Extraction of Minerals Process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface is called mining. lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer open-cast mining. Deep bores, called sha

Three broad approaches Empirical - Based on observed data, articularly on temperature and precipitation. Genetic - Attempts to organise climates according to their causes. Applied - Classification is for specific purpose. Koeppen’s Scheme of Classification of Climate Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate – Developed in 1918. Empirical classification based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data. The capital letters: A, C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry climates . A (Tropical) - Average temperature of the coldest month is 18° C or higher. B (Dry Climates) - Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation. C (Warm Temperate) - The average temperature of the coldest month of the (Mid-latitude) climates years is higher than minus 3°C but below 18°C. D (Cold Snow Forest Climates) - The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3° C or below. E (Cold Climates) - Average temperature for all