Poverty & Vicious Cycles of Poverty

-

 Poverty

“Poverty is the worst form of violence.” – MKG.
  • Poverty can be defined as a situation where a section of society is unable to fulfil even the basic necessities of life.
  • The UN Human Rights Council has defined poverty as “A human condition characterized by the sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights”.
  • Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty
    • Basic Necessities of Life
      • food, clothes, shelter, livelihood, health, Education
    • Capability
    • Social Exclusion (Caste system problem)
    • Choice
    • Civil Liberties and Rights
Absolute Poverty
Fix the Poverty line.
Ex: Earning below 10,000/month is poor, earning above 10,000/month is not poor. India poverty line (9,800 in Rural & 12,000 in Urban). Absolute poverty just gives headcount ratio (Ex: Below poverty line one earn 8,000, another earns 5,000. There is also a difference in below poverty line, So called say absolute poverty give only headcount of below poverty line)
  • This concept is based on absolute needs of the people and people are defined as poor when some absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
  • It is also defined in terms of insufficiency of basic needs.
  • It is a condition where household income is below a necessary level to maintain basic living standards (food, shelter, housing). This condition makes it possible to compare between different countries and also over time.
Relative Poverty
(Poverty Gap Ratio – Find severity of poverty
Ex: Take 1 Cr is below poverty line. Relative poverty measure gap between income. 3 lakh people earn 9000, 8 lakh people earn 8000, 4 lakh people earn 7000…...2.5 lakh people earn 3000…)
  • This concept is related to the general standard of living in a society.
  • Relative poverty – A condition where household income is a certain percentage below median incomes. For example, the threshold for relative poverty could be set at 50% of median incomes (or 60%).
  • Thus relative poverty relates to inequalities in a society. India is characterised by both in extreme measures, i.e., absolute and relative poverty.
Indicators
Poverty Headcount Ratio
  • The Poverty Head Count ratio measures the proportion of population whose per capita income/ consumption expenditure is below the official Poverty line or in simple terms is measures the total number of people living below the poverty line.
  • Head Count ration does not reflect the severity of poverty.
Poverty Gap Ratio
  • The Poverty Gap Ratio is the gap by which mean consumption of the poor below poverty line falls short of the poverty line.
  • It indicates the depth of poverty; the more the PGR, the worse is the condition of the poor. While the number of poor people indicates spread of poverty, PGR indicates the depth.
  • A higher poverty gap index means that poverty is more severe.
Primary and Secondary Poverty
Primary poverty
(Less income so poverty. Ex: only 5000 income)
  • It is defined as a situation where income is insufficient to meet basic needs – even if every penny is spent wisely.
Secondary poverty
  • (Sufficient income but misspent. Ex: 15,000 incomes, spent 10,000 on Alcohol, lottery, gambling etc...
  • It is defined as a situation where money is misspent on luxuries – leaving insufficient disposable income to buy necessities.

Schemes focus only on always poor, make schemes focus on all poor people & Special attention to Chronic poor.
Other Reason
  • Ritual is one of the most important reason for poverty in India.
  • Around 80% of India’s population is Hindu - many continue to follow ancient traditions that have evolved little since around 500 BC. Times of India declared that the Indian spiritual and religious market is worth around $30 billion – they remain one of the most cited authorities on this figure; though newer estimates put that figure closer to $40 billion.
Vicious Cycle of Poverty (Economy)
Vicious Cycle of Poverty (Health)
 
Vicious Cycle of Poverty (Individual)

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Indian Painting - Pre History

-
Image
    History and Evolution of Painting in India - An Overview India has a long tradition of artistic excellence and painting is one of the major mediums that has been used to express it. There is several evidence suggesting that painting flourished in India since ancient times. Archaeologists have found wall paintings in parts of India, which suggest that even the early historic man in India was engaged in activities of art and leisure The history of painting can be traced through the ancient and medieval period where the books were illustrated with paintings Then came the miniature style that dominated the Mughal and Rajput courts. With the coming of the Europeans, the art of painting and engraving took a western turn. Modern painters experimented with styles, colours and designs. Many Indian painters have gained worldwide recognition and are winning prizes and accolades for their vision. Principles of Painting The history of paintings can be known from primitive rock paintings of Bhim
Read more

Classification of Indian Paintings

-
Image
    Classification of Indian Paintings Indian Paintings have been broadly classified into two. Mural Paintings Miniature Paintings Mural Paintings The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals. These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD. The evidence of such paintings can be found at several locations in India. The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailash Temple in Ellora. Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut chambers. The paintings follow a theme, the most common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. Mural paintings were also made to adorn any mundane premise. For e.g. Ancient theatre room in Jogimara Caves. Ajanta Cave Paintings One of the oldest surviving murals of Indian sub-continent, Ajanta caves were carved between 2nd century BC to 5th c
Read more

Solar system

-
Image
Galaxy Gravitational bound system of star, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Ex: Milky way. A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars. Our solar system is a part of the milky way galaxy. Our Milky way galaxy was named “Akash ganga”. There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe. Distance galaxy: GN-z11 (March 2016) Hubble classification Eliptical (E) Spiral (S): Andromeda & Sombrero (unbarred) Lenticular Celestial bodies: Sun, Moon. Two types: Emit light (Star), Don’t Emit Light (Planets) North Star – Pole Star – Indicates north Direction Constellations (Group of star) – 88 Official Ursa Major – Big Dipper Tail – Alioth – Brightest in Ursa Major Saptarishi Mandal Polaris – Brightest in Ursa Minor The Sun Made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is about 150 million km away from the earth. 30 times greater than Earth. Black hole – It absorb light but does not emit due to high gravitational force. Corona – Outer surface of the sun (About 6000 k) S
Read more