Development, Terrorism, Extremism, Insurgency, Militant & Radicalisation

 

Development

• Development is defined as the improvement in the social, political, and economic well-being of a nation and its people.
• “Developing human capabilities among the people and entitlements in terms of education, health, infrastructure along with civil liberties ultimately improving Standard of living”
• Degree of modernisation, status of women, Level of Nutrition

Terrorism

(Use terror as a tool to achieve ideological goals. Attack Civilian. Create fear in Civilian Mind)

acts committed with the objective of seriously intimidating a population, destabilising or destroying structures of a country or international organisation or making a government abstain from performing actions’.

• To instil a sense of terror among minds of people, Government and Non- combatants through use of Violence, Non- State actors, Intimidating a target.

Extremism

(Directly fight to the government)

• Extremism is generally understood as constituting views that are far from those of the majority of the population.
• Accordingly, one definition describes extremism as activities (beliefs, attitudes, feelings, actions, strategies) of a character far removed from the ordinary.
• It is clearly a relative term which invites disagreement regarding benchmarks.
• Extremism becomes a concern when those views threaten democratic and tolerant societal ideas, or promote the use of violence to coerce their followers or to achieve their objectives.

Insurgency

(Unorganised – Rebellion. Ex: People in Kashmir are stone through to Indian army, they need to join Independence they hate Indian army, so they do it, they are unorganized. They do because of Radicalisation of Militant, Terrorist, they are Rebellion/ Insurgency).

• It is a fact that, in modern times, there are always people and groups in societies who feel aggrieved with the policies and programs of those in authority and strive to achieve freedom for themselves by staging a rebellion. It has to be kept in mind that the insurgency is performed by people who are not recognized as belligerents. Insurgents try to upstage the authority that is recognized by other nations and even the United Nations. Insurgency has a political motive with a desire to achieve a freedom from the rule of the government in place. Small rebellion that loses out on popular mass support is referred to as brigandry and the people taking part in this uprising are called brigands and not insurgents. Insurgency is a problem that is mostly faced by countries having multiple ethnic identities or divisions in societies that lead to crushed aspirations and hopes. Insurgency is regarded as the internal problem of a sovereign state, and the international community does not interfere in the matter.

Militant

(Organised is Militant. Ex: LTTE)

• A militant is someone who is engaged in a war or who act aggressively for their cause. If you are militant in your beliefs, you do not question them any more than a soldier questions his order.
• In the context of undeclared or guerrilla warfare, enemy fighters are often referred to not as soldiers but as militants, because they are not members of a formal army. As an adjective, militant often has a negative feel — people on one side of a debate will often try to cast those on the other side as militants.

Radicalisation

Ex: Nathuram Vinayak Godse kill Gandhi. He does not have personal enimity but inspired by RSS & Hindu Maha Shaba thoughts. To make India Hinduism.

Ex: Radicalize to make people as Suicide Boom.

• Radicalisers work by pointing to social, political and economic injustice around their followers.
• It is a social and psychological process.
• It does not necessarily mean that those affected will become violent.
• However, when a decision is made that fear, terror and violence are justified. to achieve ideological, political or social change, radicalisation to violent extremism occurs.

 Underdevelopment → Extremism

• Lack of development in a region leads to discontent, extremism and resort to violence. Underdevelopment leads to unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and lack of access to basic facilities and fear of future.
• This pathetic situation makes people vulnerable to extremist ideologies and they easily get mobilized for populist rhetoric.
• The main support to extremism in Naxalite region is from adivasis and dalit communities.
• Persisting exploitation and neglect by the Government has led to the discontent among the people and paving way to vulnerability to extremism.
• Shrinking common property resources and denial of Forest rights to adivasis has led to alienation.
• Absence of self-governance and traditional management system and poor implementation of PESA
• Displacement and improper rehabilitation after a developmental project has taken away their traditional rights and livelihood.
• Corruption in government machinery and indifferent bureaucracy
• Poor implementation of land reforms and landlessness is important reason for poverty and persistent exploitation
• Caste discrimination and practice of untouchability has further alienated the dalits and adivasis.

Extremism → Underdevelopment

• Development is slowed down due to attacks by insurgents who consistently target the road, electric lines and power plants.
• Extremism discourages investment both by domestic and foreign investors in the region.
• Extremists attack the democratic institutions, political representatives and government officials which further leads to reluctance among them to work in the region and ultimately lack of governance.
• Extremist affected regions are predominantly rural regions and hilly terrains which are undeveloped. The insurgency here further aggravates the situation.
• It discourages NGOs and other development industries to function in the region
• Extremism aggravates the military and Defence expenditure of government which could have been used for meaningful development activities.
• Extremism provides government the excuse to utilize brute force and repression → Further discontent.

Left Wing Extremism

• Charu Majumdar is the Father of Maoist Movement in India. Ex: CPI (Maoist)
• Maoist - Communism idea by carl mark. Inspired by idea, do revolution & armed struggle to form Communism Government. (Ex: Lenin of Russia, Mao Zedong of China).
• Marxism was a theory. Maoism adopted the theory of Marxism.
• The core objective of the LWE movement is the establishment of People’s Revolutionary State.
• which is supposed to be achieved by establishing a ‘Red Corridor’, stretching from the Nepal border through Central India till Karnataka in the South.
• This objective is to be achieved by using armed struggle as the prime tool to garner the support of the oppressed and the exploited.
• Violent protracted struggle is therefore expected to continue to help the movement consolidate and extend the Corridor.
• Naxal leaders support various issues like protecting people’s rights of Jal (water), Jungle (Forest) and Jamin (Land) (JJJ).

Based on the intensity of insurgency, 35 of the 108 districts spread over the ten states mentioned above, have classified most affected LWE districts.

• Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha & Bihar are considered severely affected.
• The States of West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh & Telangana are considered partially affected.
• UP, MP is Slightly affected.

Causes

• Land Related Factors – inequality & failure of land reforms; land acquisition.
• Displacement and Forced Evictions.
• Livelihood Related Causes – Food insecurity; loss of livelihood.
• Social causes – denial of dignity; Untouchability; Poor implementation of laws.
• Governance – Corruption for basic essentials; Misuse of power by police; incompetent, illtrained officials.