Naga Insurgency

• The Naga Hills became part of British India in 1881.
• British pass act, Bengal frontier act (Like IPL) to the area.
  (Bengal frontier act - To safeguard, through punitive regulatory provisions, aimed at regulating transit facilities to the non-hill people into the hills and the entire North Eastern Region through the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873.
• The effort to bring scattered Naga tribes together resulted in the formation of the Naga Club in 1918 (Unorganised,).
• The Naga club rejected the Simon Commission in 1929 and asked them - to leave us alone to determine for ourselves as in ancient times.
• The club metamorphosed into the Naga National Council (NNC) in 1946 (Representative of all Tribes, like constitutional assembly). For independent State.
• Under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo, the NNC declared Nagaland as an independent State on August 14, 1947, and conducted a - referendum in May 1951 to claim that 99.9% of the Nagas supported a - sovereign Nagaland (Stance of Phizo).
  (At the time of enactment of Constitution, keep Naga as a part of Assam in 5^th Schedule. NNC moderate people accept, but NNC extreme people not accept).
• In June 1947, Assam Governor Sir Akbar Hydari signed the Nine-Point Agreement with the moderates in the NNC but the main leaders of the movement like Phizo were not taken into confidence and hence Phizo rejected it outrightly.
• On March 22, 1952, Phizo formed the underground Naga Federal Government (NFG) and the Naga Federal Army.
• The government of India sent in the Army to crush the insurgency and, in 1958, enacted the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.
  (More attacks between NFA & AFSPA. To get support of non-violence people, India say creation of separate state Nagaland in 1960, Created in 1963)
• A 16-point Agreement followed in July 1960 leading to the creation of Nagaland on December 1, 1963. In this case, the agreement was with the Naga People’s Convention that moderate Nagas formed in August 1957 during a violent phase and not with the NNC.
• Separate State of Nagaland was formed in 1963 with a cease fire; (lasted till 1967). (Peace between 1963 to 1967 by Phizo, but dominance of Union Increase so 1967 insurgency started again).
• In 1975, when the government signed the Shillong Accord, under which this section of NNC and NFG agreed to give up arms. (Indira & Phizo accept and sign accord)
• A group of about 140 members led by Thuingaleng Muivah, who was at that time in China, refused to accept the Shillong Accord and formed the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in 1980. Muivah also had Isak Chisi Swu and S S Khaplang with him.
• In 1988, the NSCN split into NSCN (IM) and NSCN (K) after a violent clash.
• While the NNC began to fade away, and Phizo died in London in 1991 (Naga Federal army faded away), the NSCN (IM) came to be seen as the - mother of all insurgencies in the region.

What did the NSCN (IM) want?

• A “Greater Nagalim” comprising - all contiguous Naga-inhabited areas‖, along with Nagaland.
• That included several districts of Assam, Arunachal and Manipur, as also a large tract of Myanmar. The map of - Greater Nagalim has about 1,20,000 sq km, (7 Times the size).
• The claims have always kept Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh wary of a peace settlement that might affect their territories.
• The Nagaland Assembly has endorsed the Greater Nagalim demand - Integration of all Naga-inhabited contiguous areas under one administrative umbrella‖ - as many as five times: in December 1964, August 1970, September 1994, December 2003 and as recently as on July 27, 2015.
• It would be an uphill task for the Centre to ensure that all weapons are surrendered at the time of the final accord.
• In the early phase, the Naga insurgents were provided with what has come to be known as ‘safe haven’ in Myanmar.
• India ‘s adversaries (China and Pakistan) also provided them with vital external support.
• The porous border and rugged terrain make it different for the Security Forces as they cross borders where they are sheltered and fed.
• Extortions in the name of taxes have been a thorny facet of the Naga issue.
• The „taxes‟ levied by insurgent groups are intricately intertwined in almost all developmental activities in Nagaland and one of the major aims of the NSCN-IM has been to acquire formal recognition of this informal practice through negotiations.

Naga Peace Accord 2015

(Government not publish what sign in the accord)

• Nagaland peace accord is the accord signed in August 2015 by the Government of India and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN (IM)) to end the insurgency.
• The framework agreement is based on the "unique" history of Nagas and recognising the universal principle that in a democracy sovereignty lies with the people.
• National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) has given up its demand for ‘Greater Nagaland’ and vowed allegiance to the Constitution of India. The details of the accord are yet to come in public domain.
• Government of India has also made clear that existing boundaries of states will not be altered.
• It will restore peace and pave the way for prosperity in the North East.
• It will advance a life of dignity, opportunity and equity for the Naga people, based on their genius and consistent with the uniqueness of the Naga people and their culture and traditions.
• The Government of India recognized the unique history, culture and position of the Nagas and their sentiments and aspirations.
• The NSCN understood and appreciated the Indian political system and governance.
• Government Says that it does not affect the land of Manipur, AP & Assam. The land available for Nagaland is same, Government give autonomy in Nagaland.
• At sign of Accord with NSCN (IM), NSCN (K) is not happy so they attack Indian army soldiers. So Indian army do hot pursuit (Surgical Strick) into Myanmar and kill the insurgence, but Indian army never claim it because it affects India-Burma Relation.