China, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh & Myanmar Borders

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 India China Border

  • Border Disputes – Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh, Macmohan line and Johnson line issues
  • Inadequate infrastructure: The area is characterized by high altitude terrain and thick habitation. While China has built massive rail road linkage on its side, Indian side of border almost has no Infrastructure.
  • China Pakistan Economic Corridor.
  • ITBP, Frontier Forces (Group of local Police) – Lack of coordination.
  • LAC Standoff – Disengagement.
  • Smuggling of electronic goods through border.
  • 23rd Edition - 51st Edition. The Border Dispute - India vs China
India Pakistan Border
  • Harsh Terrain – Rann of Kachch, Thar Desert, River Plains, Hill region.
  • Border – Radcliff Line, LoC, AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line).
  • Border Disputes – LoC; Sir Creek, New Map of Pakistan released in August 2020.
  • River Dispute – Kishenganga Project (Jhelum River) – Indus water treaty.
  • Gilgit Baltistan full provincehood.
  • Cross border terrorism & Ceasefire Violation.
  • Border tunnels; Radicalisation camps; Money laundering; arms trading; entry of drugs;
India Nepal Border
  • Open Border – Free movement of people.
  • ISI Base in Nepal.
  • Movement of Terrorists and criminals.
  • Drugs, trafficking, Illegal smuggling.
  • Issue of land grabbing - Allegations of excesses such as intimidation, and forcible grabbing of land by either side along the disputed border also surface from time to time.
  • 2015 blockage of Border by Madeshi People.
  • The Border Dispute (India vs Nepal).
India Bhutan Border
  • North East Insurgents – Safe Heaven – Operation All Clear.
  • Chinese made goods, Bhutanese cannabis, liquor and forest products are major items smuggled into India. Livestock, grocery items and fruits are smuggled out of India to Bhutan.
  • The strategic tri junction at Doklam is a bone of contention between China and Bhutan, India stood with Bhutan during the chinese intrusions. It was well evident during the recent Doklam standoff. This region also makes Siliguri corridor vulnerable to the Chinese attacks.
  • SAARC initiative BBIN (Free Motor Vehicle Movement) - Bhutan denied.
  • Migrants – People from Border Districts migrate to work.
India Bangladesh Border
  • Riverine Border, Mountainous in Meghalaya.
  • Land Border Agreement – Exchange of Enclaves – 100th Constitutional Amendment Act.
  • Maritime border dispute – International Tribunal for Law of Sea judgement.
  • Sharing of Ganga – Successful at Farakka Barrage.
  • Contentions
    • Teesta River Dispute
    • Tipaimukh Hydro Power Project in Barak River
    • Porosity of border – Illegal immigrants – Internal Security Threat
    • Cattle smuggling – Dairy purposes – Firing by BSF
    • Fencing – Riverine, Close settlement along the border
    • Increasing radicalisation: Presence of groups like Harkat-al-Jihad-al-Islami (HUJI) and Jamaate- Islami fuel Anti-India sentiments in Bangladesh
India Myanmar Border – (Assam Rifles + Indian Army)
  • India and Myanmar permit a Free Movement Regime (FMR) for tribes residing along the border to travel upto 16 km across the border.
  • Absence of Physical Border – Huge population density.
  • Insurgents use Myanmar as Safe heaven – close ties with Nagas, kukis, chins
  • Golden Triangle, Drugs – Entry point – Moreh – Insurgents use it to finance
  • Smuggling of ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine and trafficking of women and children from the Northeast to Myanmar and further to Southeast Asia are also rampant along the border.
  • Entry of Myanmar refugees – Rohingyas & Pro-Democracy Activists (15,000 in Manipur).
  • Arakan Army activities against Kaladan Project.
  • 455% increase in drug smuggling between 2011 and 2020.
  • Ruihhlo Do campaign – Mizo HM & AR joint anti-drug & awareness campaign.

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